Method for the selective extraction of acids, bases and polar salts

ABSTRACT

A process for the extraction of an unwanted material from a gas comprising the steps of introducing an extraction liquid into a fluid having an unwanted liquid therein to form a physical aerosol comprising a plurality of extraction liquid droplets and the fluid, allowing the plurality of extraction liquid droplets to interact with the unwanted liquid in the gas to cause the extraction liquid droplets to be “wetted out” and captured on a porous medium, where the liquid is further contacted by the gas and simultaneously formed into a plurality of coalesceable droplets, coalescing the coalesceable droplets into larger droplets containing the unwanted liquid, and separating the larger droplets containing the unwanted liquid from the fluid.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the removal of undesiredvaporized materials from a gas and more particularly to a process forthe selective removal of acids from a gas or of heavier hydrocarbonremoval from a gas stream.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

None

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

None

REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX

None

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Acids are used to catalyze reactions in a number of different synthesesin the refining, chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industriesamong others. Acids may also be formed from syntheses, as reactionbyproducts. When the stream is a gas, it is often desired to eliminatethe acid from the gas. Elimination of the acid from the gas istraditionally accomplished by means of base neutralization thattypically involves a caustic scrubbing process. That is, a base in theform of a liquid is added to the gas to neutralize the acids.

Typically, an excess of the base neutralizer must be added to assurecomplete removal of acid. The neutralization of the acid by the baseneutralizer results in salt byproducts being formed. Following the acidneutralization process, the excess base neutralizer and salt byproductsmust be removed.

Since the base is a liquid and a separate phase from the fluid, theneutralization is generally accomplished in columns where the base isdispersed into the gas to facilitate the neutralization. The gas bubblesrise up the column, contacting the liquid base. The excess base andreaction byproducts are subsequently removed at the bottom of thecolumn. The efficacy of this system is related to the mass transferefficiency between the two phases. This is directly related to thespecific contact area (area per unit volume) that is available for masstransfer. To increase this area, many columns will typically use eitherstructured or unstructured packing. The limited specific contact areapossible necessitates increasing the size of the packing. The gasstream, exiting the column will typically entrain with it, an aerosol ofbase neutralizer that may cause challenges downstream. Therefore, it isnecessary to introduce a high-efficiency aerosol-removal separatordownstream. Typically, then, the mass transfer between the liquid andgas, and the complete separation of the liquid from the gas occur in twoseparate devices.

A disadvantage of the above conventional two-stage acid neutralizationprocess is associated with the capital costs for the hardware such astowers and reaction tanks.

Similarly, in the refining and other industries, gaseous hydrocarbonstreams that contain a range of hydrocarbons are stripped of the heavierhydrocarbon components through absorption into absorption oil in anabsorber column or an absorber stripped column.

The present invention provides a process for the removal of an unwantedcomponent from a gas by introducing an extracting liquid to extract theunwanted component from the gas through an interaction between theextracting liquid and the unwanted component. In a preferred embodiment,the volume of extracting liquid can be generally the same as the volumeof the component to be extracted. More specifically, this inventionrelates to the process of creating an aerosol of an extractive liquid,capturing this aerosol on a high specific area microstructure to effectthe extraction of the unwanted component and separation of the liquidphase within this microstructure. The extraction occurs from the gas toa liquid phase that is either stably dispersed in the primary phase gasor a film on the porous medium. In the case of the removal of an acidfrom a gas, the process involves creating an aerosol or dispersion of apolar liquid phase that is stably dispersed in the gas stream and formsa film on the porous medium. In the case of removing heavierhydrocarbons, the process involves creating an aerosol or dispersion ofan extractive liquid that oleophilically interacts with the heavyhydrocarbons in the gas to form a “rich” oil phase that is stablydispersed in the light hydrocarbon gas stream and forms a film on theporous medium.

This stable aerosol or dispersion, may be defined as a stable suspensionof a discontinuous liquid phase within another continuous gas phase thatis not separable by conventional gas/liquid separation technologies—suchas filter-coalescers, residence time coalescers with mesh-pads orvane-packs, etc. For such stability, the discontinuous liquid phaseconsists of droplets in the 0.1-1-micron range, with the larger dropletend of the spectrum possibly extending up to 10-micron range. Thisstable aerosol dispersion is necessary to facilitate the first stage ofthe intimate mass-transfer between the primary and secondary phases.Following the dispersion, the second stage of the invention relates tothen using a coalescer such as a porous medium to capture, coalesce, andseparate the rich liquid in the form of droplets from the gas. The filmof rich liquid on the high surface area porous medium provides asecondary stage for extraction. In order for the porous medium tocapture the droplets it must be constituted with fibers that are of suchdimensions and interfacial properties as to be able to be “wetted-out”by the liquid, thus enabling it to capture these droplets. Thistypically requires the fibers to be of the order of magnitude of thedroplets; in other words, the porous medium must consist of fibers thatare at least in the 0.5-2-micron range. This invention then provides forthe contact and separation of the extracting medium in a single device.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

The concept of utilizing fibers for providing a high surface areacontactor for extraction in the liquid phase has been described byClonts in U.S. Pat. No. 3,992,156 “Mass Transfer Apparatus” and U.S.Pat. No. 3,977,829 “Liquid-Liquid mass transfer apparatus.” The conceptof using droplets to extract a vapor constituent from a gas, followed bythe use of a mesh-pad to recover the rich liquid has been described byBloomer in U.S. Pat. No. 4,397,662 “Apparatus for removing solvents fromair”. Schumacher and others extended this concept to using a mesh padfor absorption in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,169 “Chemical recovery scrubbingsystem”. Fisher, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,282 for “Method for removal ofhydrogen sulfide from gaseous streams” teaches a method for the use of ahigh surface area contactor, onto which droplets are sprayed, with thesubsequent removal of the scavenging agent.

In all of the known examples in the literature, the mechanism ofextraction and complete separation of the extracted phase occurs in twodifferent stages.

For example, Clonts teaches the use of fibers for extraction of onecomponent from a liquid into another liquid. He teaches the use offibers for the purposes of forming a film of liquid enabling contactwith the bulk fluid stream to provide for mass transfer. However, themechanism of separation of the extracting fluid is that of a “separatorapproximate the downstream end of the fibers and then separatelyremoving the two liquids from the separator”. Clonts does not teach theuse of fibers for the extraction of a component into a liquid from gas,and the teaching requires a separate separation stage.

Bloomer teaches the use of an apparatus where the absorption liquid issprayed over a plurality of mesh-pads which are arranged sequentially inthe direction of gas flow. The necessity of a multiplicity of mesh-padsis related to the inability of the mesh-pads to effectively accomplishthe necessary mass transfer in a single stage, and inability toeffectively remove all the absorption liquid in a single stage. Thisinvention does not teach the use of a method that effects contact andseparation in a single stage.

Schumacher and others teach a scrubbing system where the liquid issprayed through the gas stream for absorption on a demister screen.Schumacher explicitly provides for final removal of droplets with“candle filters of hydrophobic fibrous material”. This invention doesnot teach the use of a method that effects contact and separation in asingle stage.

Fisher teaches the use of the wetted surface area of contactor surfacesincluding closely packed parallel plates, knitted meshes, parallel banksof small diameter tubes, types of structured packing similar to thoseused in mist eliminators etc. However, the method of Fisher requiresthat the “byproducts thus formed are removed from the natural gasstreams by conventional means.” This invention does not teach the use ofa method that effects contact and separation in a single stage.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a process, preferably in a single stage,for the extraction of an unwanted component, such as an acid, from a gasthrough the introduction of a relatively small volume of a liquid, suchas water. The liquid would be introduced into the gas in the form of astable aerosolized dispersion of droplets in the 0.1 to 10 micron range,followed by the subsequent wetting out, capture, and removal of theliquid on a microstructured separator. Another example would be theextraction of heavy hydrocarbons from a light hydrocarbon stream,through the introduction of a volume of hydrocarbon oil such as keroseneinto the gas stream. The introduction of such an absorbent or strippingfluid should be in the form of a spray. The droplet size of the sprayshould be selected to keep the droplets entrained in the gas stream andnot settle out by gravitational forces. This droplet size wouldtypically be in the range of 0-300 micron depending on gas velocity,preferably less than 20 micron, and even more preferably in the0.1-5-micron range. An example of a stable, aerosol dispersion is onethat does not readily gravitationally settle. By forming such finedroplets, one can form a stable aerosol with the droplets dispersedthroughout the fluid. The size of the droplets is such that they cannotbe separated from the fluid by conventional means. Because the pluralityof such fine droplets and the component to be removed in the fluidattract each other through a physical or chemical interaction they forma plurality of droplets containing one or more components to be removed,which are smaller than the droplets which may be separated byconventional gas/liquid coalescers including mesh pads, vane-packs,residence time separators, and filter-coalescers. This stable aerosol,or dispersion may be defined as a stable suspension of a discontinuousliquid phase within a continuous gas phase, wherein the discontinuousliquid phase consists of droplets in the 0.1-1 micron range, with thelarger droplet end of the spectrum possibly extending up to the10-micron range, and is not separable by conventional gas/liquidseparation technologies—such as filter-coalescers, residence timecoalescers with mesh-pads or vane-packs etc. This stable aerosol ordispersion is necessary to facilitate the specific surface areanecessary to facilitate the intimate mass-transfer between the primaryand secondary phases, in the microstructured extractor described below.

The preferred embodiment is to deliver the spray to the inlet of eachindividual contactor element thereby controlling even gas and liquidflow distribution to the packing. Another possibility is to introducethe extraction liquid into the main gas stream at a single point in theform of droplets that are in the preferred size range so that theyremained entrained in the gas stream. This would typically be dropletsless than 20-micron in size, and preferably, less than 5-micron in size.

The fluid containing the droplets is then directed to a “micro”structured packing. Typical structured packing, or random packing thatis used preferably has a maximum specific surface area of 1000 m2/m3.The “micro” structured packing has a specific surface area >2,000 m2/m3,typically in the 5,000-10,000 m2/m3 range. This high surface areaprovides for stage efficiencies of >95% and even >99%. This level ofstage efficiency allows for co-current extraction processes (rather thanmulti-stage extraction contactors). The details of an example of a microstructured packing is shown in Table 1.

The preferred microstructured extractor of the present invention is aporous medium that has the capability to capture and grow thesedroplets. In order for the porous medium to capture the droplets itshould be constituted with fibers that are of such dimensions as to be“wetted out” by the droplets and able to capture these droplets. Thistypically requires the fibers to be of the order of magnitude of thedroplets, in other words, the porous medium must have fibers that arepreferably at least in the 0.5-2 micron range. Materials may be selectedso as to have affinity for the extraction fluid, that is, the fibers maybe selected such that the interfacial surface tension between the fibersand the extraction liquid are low enough to allow the extraction liquidto “wet out” on the fibers. The droplets, which are coalesced on thefibers of the coalescing device to form larger polar droplets, can begravitationally separated from the fluid. Once gravitationallyseparated, the larger droplets may then be removed from the fluid by,for example, a gas-liquid separation device. The liquid may be water, abase or a buffer solution in the case of a separation of an acid from agas stream, or may be an hydrocarbon oil such as kerosene in the case ofa separation of a heavy hydrocarbon vapor from a light hydrocarbon orhydrogen gas. The microstructured packing may be in any form. However, acylinder or hollow conical configuration is preferred to allowco-current flow of the extraction liquid through the packing whileallowing for ease of separation of the extraction liquid on thedownstream side of the packing. The conical or cylindrical units wouldhave one open end-cap and one closed end-cap. The open end-cap is incommunication with the gas to be treated. Multiple units may be usedinside of a vessel, etc.

The extraction liquid is dispersed in the gas stream within thecontactor element and flow through the element with the gas. Themicrostructured extractor, then, acts to provide the necessarymass-transfer area, while simultaneously removing the aerosolizedextracting liquid from the gas phase. The liquid droplets are capturedby the fibers in the micro-structured packing, wet out the surface ofthe fibers where they form a dynamic ultra surface area for gas/liquidcontact. This allows for high mass transfer of the undesirable gascomponents from the gas phase to the extraction liquid. As additionallean extraction liquid is continuously delivered to the upstream side ofthe packing, the liquid within the packing flows through the packing andemerges on the downstream side. The rich extracting liquid isgravitationally separated and drained away from the gas stream on theoutside of the contactor element.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a simplified sectional view of an apparatus for introducinga polar liquid into a gas containing a component to be removed;

FIG. 2 shows a close-up view of the porous medium illustrating themechanism of microstructured extraction of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 3 shows a close-up view of the porous medium of FIG. 1; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic of a process whereby heavy hydrocarbons are beingremoved from a gas stream with an extracting oil, and the extracting oilbeing subsequently regenerated.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a process whereby the acid extraction system isutilized.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

In general the present invention provides a process for the extractionof an unwanted component from a gas. In the preferred method it providesa process for the extraction of an acid from a gas through theintroduction of a relatively small volume of a liquid such as water intothe fluid as a stable aerosol or dispersion consisting of a plurality ofwater-acid droplets and then using a microstructured extractor such as aporous medium to be wetted out and to capture the droplets, therebyincreasing the specific surface area for contact, and coalesce thedroplets into separable size for extraction of the acid in the form ofthe water-acid droplets. The gas from which the acid is being extractedis preferably but not limited to gases that are not very soluble inwater including hydrocarbons, air, or hydrogen. The acid(s) that can beextracted from the gas by the present process include but are notlimited to hydrochloric acid. Another preferred application involves theextraction of heavy hydrocarbon vapors from a light hydrocarbon,hydrogen or air stream through an aerosolized extracting fluid such askerosene. Another preferred application involves the extraction ofoxygen from a gas stream using an oxygen scavenging liquid.

FIG. 1 shows a simplified sectional view of an apparatus for introducingan extracting liquid into a gas 10 containing a vaporized component tobe removed 12. As shown in FIG. 1, the vaporized component to be removed12 is uniformly dispersed throughout the fluid 10. In the process ofextracting the component 12 from gas 10, a substantially nonvolatilizedvolume of an extraction liquid such as water 11 is introduced into thefluid 10 containing the component 12. Since the component 12 in the gas10 has a much greater affinity for the extraction liquid 11 than for thegas 10, the component 12 will move away from gas 10 and move towards theextraction liquid 11.

To further speed up the movement of the component 12 towards the water,the extraction liquid 11 introduced into the gas 10 is formed into aplurality of aerosolized, and dispersed droplets 13 which are thendispersed throughout gas 10 thereby creating a stable physical emulsion.The extraction fluid 11 is formed into the stable aerosol dispersion ofdroplets 13 by various means such as but not limited to injectionnozzles, mixing, pressurizing, or agitating the gas 10. The stableaerosol or dispersion of droplets 13 formed are sufficiently small sothat the droplets 13 cannot be effectively separated by conventionalresidence-time devices such as mesh-pads, vane-packs, conventional“filter-separators,” conventional extraction columns with structured orrandom packing. Although the droplets may be larger in size, the presentmethod preferably utilizes water droplets having diameters ranging from5-microns to sub-micron levels. The dispersal of the aerosolizeddroplets 13 through out the gas 10 speeds up the movement of thecomponent 12 to the extracting fluid 11 since the distance that thecomponent 12 has to travel to reach and interact with the water (i.e.,stable aerosol of droplets 13) is greatly reduced. Once the acid reachesthe stable aerosol droplets 13, due to the physical and chemical drivingforces, the stable aerosol droplets 13 and the component 12 in the gas10 attract to each other through a chemical or physical interaction toform a plurality of rich droplets 14 that are also a stable aerosoldroplets 14.

The gas 10 containing the stable aerosol droplets 14 is then directed toa microstructured extractor such as a porous medium 15. The porousmedium 15 has an extended surface area for fluid to flow therethrough.Porous medium 15 can have various shapes and sizes, such as for examplea cylinder or frustum configuration. The porous medium 15 may alsocomprise a single sheet that is pleated to provide an extended surfacearea for separation or multiple sheets of porous medium sandwichedtogether to form an asymmetric-shaped medium having pore sizedistributions and interfacial energy properties varying in the directionof flow.

One of the characteristics of the porous medium 15 used in the presentinvention is that the porous medium 15 has an appropriate chemicalcompatibility with the gas 10 and the extraction liquid such as water,while having the capability to capture and coalesce the plurality ofrich droplets 14 into a plurality of larger rich droplets 16 (shown inFIG. 1). As the droplets are being captured and grown, the film on thefibers act to greatly increase the specific surface area for masstransfer between the gas and liquid. The fibers are such that they thenrelease the plurality of larger rich droplets when they are grown to asize that can be gravitationally separated from the gas.

Porous medium 15 can be configured horizontally such that the pluralityof larger rich droplets 16 and the gas 10 exits the porous medium in adirection that is perpendicular to the direction in which the extractingfluid 11 and gas 10 was initially introduced into the medium 15.Conversely, the porous medium 15 can also be configured vertically suchthat the plurality of larger rich droplets 16 and the gas 10 exits theporous medium in a direction that is parallel to the direction in whichthe gas 10 was initially introduced into the porous medium 15.

As shown in FIG. 1 and more clearly shown in FIG. 2, once the stableaerosol of rich droplets 14 reach the porous medium 15, the stableaerosol of rich droplets 14 are captured in the porous medium 15, andcoalesce in the porous medium 15 to form the plurality of larger richdroplets 16. One of the characteristics of the larger rich droplets 16is that the larger rich droplets 16 have been grown to a size that canbe gravitationally separated from the fluid.

Once the larger rich droplets 16 are formed to a separable size on theporous medium 15, the larger rich droplets 16 separate from the porousmedium 15 and gravitationally settle in a phase separate from the fluid(not shown). After the larger rich droplets 16 have settled (not shown),the larger rich droplets 16 can then be removed from the gas 10 byvarious conventional means such as through a gas-liquid separationdevice.

Note that in gas-liquid separations, the difficulty in separating thedifferent liquids increases as droplets of the liquid grow smaller.Conventional gas-liquid separation devices usually require largedroplets to effect a separation, typically larger than 1-5-micron.

FIG. 2 is a close-up view of the porous medium 15 of FIG. 1 showing themanner in which the porous medium 15 coalesces the stable aerosol ofrich droplets 14 into larger sized rich droplets 16 of sufficient sizeto gravitationally settle in the fluid 10. The film formed on the fibersas the droplets are captured serves to enhance the mass-transferefficiency.

The porous medium 15 used in the present invention can be made from bothan inorganic material and/or an organic material. Examples of suitableinorganic materials include but are not limited to glass of varioustypes, inorganic polymers and ceramic. Examples of suitable organicmaterials include but are not limited to polyolefins, polyphenylenesulfides, polyimides, polycarbonates, poly aramids, polyesters,polyamides, fluorinated polymers, Teflon, polyorganosilanes,polyacrylates, polysulfones, cellulose acetates, cellulosic materials(of natural or synthetic origin), and cotton. These materials may beutilized with or without binders that are designed to maintainstructural integrity as well as modify interfacial properties.

Shown in FIG. 2, as the fluid 10 passes through the porous medium 15,the stable aerosol of rich droplets 14 are captured. As more stableaerosol of rich droplets 14 are captured, the captured rich droplets 14coalesce to form the larger rich droplets 16. Once the larger richdroplets 16 have grown to a gravitationally separable size, they arepulled away from the porous medium 15 by the gas 10 that is movingthrough the porous medium 15.

In connection with the present process, although not required, it ispreferable to filter the incoming fluid 10 to prevent the plugging anddestruction of the porous medium 15 by particulate matter entrained inthe fluid. Plugging of the porous medium 15 by particulates causes theundesirable effect of an increase in the pressure drop across thesystem. It is preferred that the limiting pressure drop across theporous medium to be less than 20 psi, preferably under 10 psi.

As noted above FIG. 4 is a schematic of a process whereby heavyhydrocarbons are being removed from a gas stream with an extractingfluid such as an oil, and the extracting fluid being subsequentlyregenerated. There is a vessel 51 that may have at its base an inlet 52for receiving an inlet fluid such as a gas stream. The gas stream ispreferably in the form of a vapor Downstream from the inlet but beforethe vessel there is a second inlet 53 for injecting an extracting fluidsuch as an oil. The extracting fluid is preferably in an aerosolizedform. The stream enters into the vessel 51 whereupon it is directed to amicrostructured extractor such as a porous medium 54. Once the stableaerosol of rich droplets reach the porous medium 54, the stable aerosolof rich droplets are captured in the porous medium 54, and coalesce inthe porous medium 54 to form the plurality of larger rich droplets. SeeFIG. 2. The larger rich droplets can be gravitationally separated fromthe fluid. Gravitation causes the larger droplets to flow to the base 55of the microstructured extractor where the droplets can be collected byany suitable means such as but not limited to a plurality of receptacles56. The extracted droplets can drained from the receptacles. Theremaining fluid may be removed from the vessel through outlet 57.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram view outline a process of acid extraction.More specifically, the process of acid removal as shown in FIG. 5comprises the steps of the: (18) introducing a small volume of water orother neutralizing fluid 11 into the gas 10 containing an acid; (19)forming a plurality of water droplets in the gas 10 to create a stablephysical emulsion with the water droplets 13 having a size that issufficiently small so that the droplets will not gravitationally settle,the plurality of water droplets 13 attractable to the acid through ahydrophilic interaction to form a plurality of water-acid droplets 14;(20) directing the fluid containing the plurality of water-acid droplets14 to a microstructured extractor comprising a porous medium 15 in whichthe porous medium 15 comprises an extended surface area design in anfrustum or conical configuration; (21) capturing the plurality ofwater-acid droplets 14 in the porous medium 15; contacting the gas withthe film of liquid on the porous medium 15; growing the liquid into aplurality of larger water-acid droplets 16, allowing the plurality oflarger water-acid droplets 16 to gravitationally separate from thefluid; (22) and (23) separating the larger water-acid droplets 16 fromthe fluid to thereby remove the acid 12 from the fluid 10.

Thus the present process comprises a process for the extraction of anunwanted liquid from a gas by introducing an extraction liquid into afluid having an unwanted liquid therein to form a physical aerosolcomprised of a plurality of extraction liquid droplets and the fluid. Aplurality of extraction liquid droplets interact hydrophilically, oroleophilically with the unwanted liquid in the fluid to cause theextraction liquid droplets to form into a plurality of dropletscontaining the extracted phase. Next, the mass transfer efficiency isenhanced by directing these dispersed droplets into a microdispersedextractor, where the droplets are captured by fibers on which thedroplets form a film. The passage of gas through the fiber increases thesurface area for mass transfer and enables the droplets to be grown andform larger droplets containing the unwanted liquid. At this point thelarger droplets containing the unwanted liquid can be separated from thegas.

While the process has been described using water as an extract liquid,other liquids could be used that exhibit a polar attraction for an acid.It may be desired to use a buffer solution instead of the water.Similarly, the process can be implemented using a hydrocarbon oil toextract heavy hydrocarbon vapors from a gas stream. Similarly, theprocess can be implemented to extract oxygen from a gas stream.

Also, note that the process may involve the use of a heat exchanger tocool the gas down, thereby condensing the acid or hydrocarbon into anaerosol. The process may also involve the use of an extracting solventto simultaneously cool the gas by the vaporization of the extractingliquid, and the extraction of the undesirable component into theremaining extracting liquid phase.

1. A process for the extraction of an unwanted component from a gascomprising: introducing an extraction liquid into a gas having anunwanted component therein to form a physical aerosol comprising aplurality of extraction liquid droplets and the gas; allowing theplurality of extraction liquid droplets to interact with the unwantedcomponent in the fluid to cause the extraction liquid droplets to forminto a plurality of aerosolized droplets containing the unwanted liquid;capturing the aerosolized droplets using a porous medium with fibers ofdimensions similar to that of the droplets created allowing the captureddroplets to interact with the unwanted component in the fluid to furtherextract the unwanted component from the fluid into to the captureddroplets growing the aerosolized droplets into larger dropletscontaining the unwanted liquid; and separating the larger dropletscontaining the unwanted liquid from the gas by the time the gas reachesthe outside of the porous medium.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein thestep of introducing an extraction liquid into a gas having an unwantedcomponent comprises introducing an extraction liquid into a vent gasstream having an unwanted acid gas.
 3. The process of claim 1 whereinthe step of introducing an extraction liquid into a gas having anunwanted component comprises introducing an extraction liquid into a gashaving a hydrocarbon that is desired to be removed.
 4. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the step of introducing an extraction liquid into a gashaving an unwanted component comprises introducing an extraction liquid,such as sodium bisulfite solution, into a gas having oxygen that isdesired to be removed.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the step ofintroducing an extraction liquid into a gas having an acid gas comprisesintroducing aerosolized water droplets into a gas having an acid gas. 6.The process of claim 1 wherein the step of introducing an extractionliquid into a gas having an acid gas comprises introducing aerosolizedbasic droplets into a gas having an acid gas.
 7. The process of claim 1wherein the step of introducing an extraction liquid into a gas havingan acid gas comprises introducing aerosolized buffer droplets into a gashaving an acid gas.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the step ofintroducing an extraction liquid into a gas having a hydrocarbon vaporcomprises introducing aerosolized oil droplets into a gas having anhydrocarbon vapor.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the porous mediumis constructed into a frustum, wherein the aerosolized stream flows fromthe inside to the outside.
 10. The process of claim 1 including the stepof orientating the porous medium vertically such that the largerdroplets and the fluid exits the porous medium in a direction that issubstantially parallel to a direction in which the volume of polarliquid was initially introduced into the fluid.
 11. A process for theextraction of an acid from a gas comprising the steps of: introducing avolume of polar liquid into a fluid containing an acid; forming a stablephysical aerosol comprising a plurality of aerosolized polar liquiddroplets dispersed through out the fluid, said aerosolized polar liquiddroplets attractable to the acid in the fluid through a polarinteraction to form a plurality of aerosolized droplets; capturing theaerosolized droplets using a porous medium with fibers of dimensionssimilar to that of the droplets created where the porous medium has aspecific surface area greater than 3,000 m2/m3 allowing the captureddroplets to interact with the unwanted component in the fluid to furtherextract the unwanted component from the fluid into to the captureddroplets growing the aerosolized droplets into a plurality of largerdroplets containing the acid; and separating the larger dropletscontaining the unwanted liquid from the gas by the time the gas reachesthe outside of the porous medium.
 12. The process of claim 11 whereinthe step of introducing an extraction liquid into a gas having an acidcomprises introducing water into a vent gas stream having an unwantedacid gas.
 13. The process of claim 11 wherein the porous medium isconstructed into a frustum, wherein the aerosolized stream flows fromthe inside to the outside.
 14. The process of claim 11 wherein the stepof forming a stable physical aerosol comprising a plurality ofaerosolized polar liquid droplets dispersed through out the fluidcomprises forming a stable physical aerosol comprising a plurality ofpolar liquid droplets under 1 micron in diameter dispersed through outthe fluid.
 15. The process of claim 11 wherein the acid comprise ahydrochloric acid.
 16. The process of claim 11 wherein the acid comprisehydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide.
 17. The process of claim 11including the step of orientating the porous medium vertically such thatthe larger droplets and the fluid exits the porous medium in a directionthat is substantially parallel to a direction in which the volume ofpolar liquid was initially introduced into the fluid.
 18. A process forthe extraction of a heavy hydrocarbon vapor from a gas comprising of thesteps of: introducing a volume of oil into a gas stream containing theheavy hydrocarbon vapor; forming a stable aerosol comprising a pluralityof droplets under 1 micron in diameter dispersed through the gas stream,said plurality of droplets attractable to the hydrocarbon vapor in thegas through a thermodynamic interaction to form a plurality ofaerosolized oil droplets in the gas stream; directing the gas streamcontaining the oil droplets through a coalescer comprising a porousmedium; capturing the aerosolized droplets using a porous medium withfibers of dimensions similar to that of the droplets created where theporous medium has a specific surface area greater than 3,000 m2/m3allowing the captured droplets to interact with the unwanted componentin the fluid to further extract the unwanted component from the fluidinto to the captured droplets growing the plurality of oil droplets intoa plurality of larger rich oil droplets, said larger rich oil dropletsgravitationally separable from the gas; separating the larger dropletscontaining the unwanted liquid from the gas by the time the gas reachesthe outside of the porous medium.
 19. The process of claim 18 whereinthe step of introducing an extraction liquid into a gas having ahydrocarbon vapor comprises introducing oil into a gas stream having thehydrocarbon vapor.
 20. The process of claim 18 wherein the porous mediumis constructed into a frustum, wherein the aerosolized stream flows fromthe inside to the outside.
 21. The process of claim 18 wherein theextracting oil is kerosene.
 22. The process of claim 18 including thestep of orientating the porous medium vertically such that the largerdroplets and the fluid exits the porous medium in a direction that issubstantially parallel to a direction in which the volume of polarliquid was initially introduced into the fluid.
 23. A process for theextraction of a hydrochloric acid vapor from a gas comprising of thesteps of: introducing a volume of extracting liquid into a gas streamcontaining the hydrochloric acid gas; forming a stable aerosolcomprising a plurality of droplets under 1 micron in diameter dispersedthrough the gas stream, said plurality of droplets attractable to thehydrochloric acid vapor in the gas through a thermodynamic interactionto form a plurality of aerosolized rich liquid droplets in the gasstream; directing the gas stream containing the rich liquid dropletsthrough a coalescer comprising a porous medium; allowing the captureddroplets to interact with the unwanted component in the fluid to furtherextract the unwanted component from the fluid into to the captureddroplets capturing the aerosolized droplets using a porous medium withfibers of dimensions similar to that of the droplets created where theporous medium has a specific surface area greater than 3,000 m2/m3growing the plurality of rich liquid droplets into a plurality of largerrich liquid droplets, said larger rich liquid droplets gravitationallyseparable from the gas; separating the larger droplets containing theunwanted liquid from the gas by the time the gas reaches the outside ofthe porous medium.
 24. The process of claim 22 wherein the porous mediumis constructed into a frustum, wherein the aerosolized stream flows fromthe inside to the outside.
 25. The process of claim 22 wherein theextracting liquid is potassium hydroxide solution in water, a sodiumhydroxide solution in water or an amine.
 26. The process of claim 22including the step of orientating the porous medium vertically such thatthe larger droplets and the fluid exits the porous medium in a directionthat is substantially parallel to a direction in which the volume ofpolar liquid was initially introduced into the fluid.
 27. A process forthe extraction of a hydrochloric acid vapor from a hot gas comprising ofthe steps of: introducing a volume of extracting liquid into a gasstream containing the hydrochloric acid gas; cooling the gas stream downvia a heat exchanger forming a stable aerosol comprising a plurality ofdroplets under 1 micron in diameter dispersed through the gas stream,said plurality of droplets attractable to the hydrochloric acid vapor inthe gas through a thermodynamic interaction to form a plurality ofaerosolized rich liquid droplets in the gas stream; directing the gasstream containing the rich liquid droplets through a coalescercomprising a porous medium; capturing the aerosolized droplets using aporous medium with fibers of dimensions similar to that of the dropletscreated where the porous medium has a specific surface area greater than3,000 m2/m3 allowing the captured droplets to interact with the unwantedcomponent in the fluid to further extract the unwanted component fromthe fluid into to the captured droplets coalescing the plurality of richliquid droplets into a plurality of larger rich liquid droplets, saidlarger rich liquid droplets gravitationally separable from the gas;separating the larger droplets containing the unwanted liquid from thegas by the time the gas reaches the outside of the porous medium. wherethe porous medium is constructed in a frustum where the gas flows fromthe inside out.
 28. The process of claim 27 wherein the extractingliquid is a buffer, potassium hydroxide solution in water, a sodiumhydroxide solution in water or an amine.
 29. A process for theextraction of a hydrochloric acid vapor from a hot gas comprising of thesteps of: introducing a volume of extracting liquid into a gas streamcontaining the hydrochloric acid gas; cooling the gas stream down viathe heat transfer between the extracting liquid forming a stable aerosolcomprising a plurality of droplets under 1 micron in diameter dispersedthrough the gas stream, said plurality of droplets attractable to thehydrochloric acid vapor in the gas through a thermodynamic interactionto form a plurality of aerosolized rich liquid droplets in the gasstream; directing the gas stream containing the rich liquid dropletsthrough a coalescer comprising a porous medium; capturing theaerosolized droplets using a porous medium with fibers of dimensionssimilar to that of the droplets created where the porous medium has aspecific surface area greater than 3,000 m2/m3 allowing the captureddroplets to interact with the unwanted component in the fluid to furtherextract the unwanted component from the fluid into to the captureddroplets coalescing the plurality of rich liquid droplets into aplurality of larger rich liquid droplets, said larger rich liquiddroplets gravitationally separable from the gas; separating the largerdroplets containing the unwanted liquid from the gas by the time the gasreaches the outside of the porous medium. where the porous medium isconstructed in a frustum where the gas flows from the inside out. 30.The process of claim 28 wherein the extracting liquid is a buffer,potassium hydroxide solution in water, a sodium hydroxide solution inwater or an amine.
 31. An apparatus for the extraction of an unwantedcomponent from a gas comprising: a vessel; a means for introducing anextraction liquid into a gas in said vessel, said gas having an unwantedcomponent therein, a means for causing a physical aerosol to form insaid vessel, said physical aerosol comprising a plurality of extractionliquid droplets and the gas and wherein said plurality of extractionliquid droplets are adapted to interact in said vessel with the unwantedcomponent in the fluid, said interaction causing the extraction liquiddroplets to form into a plurality of aerosolized droplets containing theunwanted liquid; a microstructured separator comprised of a porousmedium with fibers, said separator being adapted to capture theaerosolized droplets using said porous medium, said porous medium havingfibers of dimensions similar to that of the droplets created, saidseparator being adapted to cause said captured droplets to interact withthe unwanted component in the fluid to further extract the unwantedcomponent from the fluid into to the captured droplets thereby growingthe aerosolized droplets into larger droplets; and means for separatingthe larger droplets containing the unwanted liquid from the gas.
 31. Theapparatus according to claim 30 wherein said porous medium has acylindrical configuration.
 32. The apparatus according to claim 30wherein said porous medium has a frustum configuration.
 33. Theapparatus according to claim 30 wherein said porous medium is a pleatedsheet.
 34. A gas having unwanted components removed therefrom, said gashaving been formed by: introducing an extraction liquid into a gashaving an unwanted component therein to form a physical aerosolcomprising a plurality of extraction liquid droplets and the gas;allowing the plurality of extraction liquid droplets to interact withthe unwanted component in the fluid to cause the extraction liquiddroplets to form into a plurality of aerosolized droplets containing theunwanted liquid; capturing the aerosolized droplets using a porousmedium with fibers of dimensions similar to that of the droplets createdallowing the captured droplets to interact with the unwanted componentin the fluid to further extract the unwanted component from the fluidinto to the captured droplets growing the aerosolized droplets intolarger droplets containing the unwanted liquid; and separating thelarger droplets containing the unwanted liquid from the gas by the timethe gas reaches the outside of the porous medium.